Ján Richter was born in Zlaté Moravce on October 5, 1956. He holds a degree from the school of law of Banská Bystrica-based University of Matej Bel, though there were some doubts about his bachelor title.
Richter began his political career in the Slovak Democratic Left (SDĽ), where he served as chair of its district branch and deputy chair of its regional branch in Nitra, in the years 1989-1991. In years 1998-2004 he served as secretary of the Bratislava branch of SDĽ.
Richter became political secretary of the Smer party in 2005, and in 2006 he was elected to the parliament.
Before becoming the labour minister in 2012, he acted as Smer’s general manager (since 2006).